Current Technology and Biological Approach for Type 1 Diabetes Treatment
Keywords:
Immunotherapy, insulin pump, peptide-based therapy, stem cell therapy, transplantation, type 1 diabetesAbstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with immunity, especially human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class II loci. Insulitis forges inflammation and inhibits insulin-producing cells. As new devices are introduced, T1D patients’ quality of life increases. Many types of insulin pumps make insulin administration easier. Hybrid insulin pumps (closed-loop systems) are found to keep blood glucose levels stable, improve HbA1c levels, and minimize diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurrences. To improve the survival of islet grafts after transplantation, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been used in immune treatments. When glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are coupled with insulin, glucagon production is reduced and stomach emptying is delayed. Consequently, GLP-1 agonist medication appears to be effective in people with poor hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and obesity. Responding to islet stress, GLP-2 protects the endocrine pancreas. Human pancreas and islets transplantation may be a viable alternative for establishing long-term insulin independence; nevertheless, donor scarcity offers practical hurdles. Islet xenotransplantation is created to address this problem; however, there are still ethical grounds to consider. The use of neonatal porcine islet-like cell pancreatic cell clusters (NPCCs) has improved outcomes in preclinical investigations. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were constructed using somatic cells. Their limitless replication and capability to differentiate into functional-like cells provide great potential for creating glucose-responsive allogeneic cells for transplantation. Henceforth, advancements of cell encapsulation approaches and stem cell methods may strengthen graft survival. Established T1D therapy options must be further researched with novel therapeutic techniques to achieve the best clinical outcomes.
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